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Old Dutch
In linguistics, Old Dutch or Old Low Franconian〔Cf. M.C. van den Toorn, W.J.J. Pijnenburg et al., ''Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal'' (1997), 37; G. Janssens & A. Marynissen, ''Het Nederlands vroeger en nu'' (2nd ed., 2005), 38; 54.〕 is the set of Franconian (or Frankish) dialects spoken in the Low Countries during the Early Middle Ages, from around the 5th to the 12th century. Old Dutch is mostly recorded on fragmentary relics, and words have been reconstructed from Middle Dutch and loan words from Old Low Franconian.〔Webster's New World Dictionary: Old Dutch〕 It is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. By the end of the 9th century the Franconian (or Frankish) dialects spoken by the descendants of the Salian Franks had developed into what is recognisable today as an early form of Dutch, but that might also have been the case earlier.〔de Vries, Jan W., Roland Willemyns and Peter Burger, ''Het verhaal van een taal'', Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2003, pp. 12, 21-27. Page 27: "''...Aan het einde van de negende eeuw kan er zeker van Nederlands gesproken worden; hoe long daarvoor dat ook het geval was, kan niet met zekerheid worden uitgemaakt.''" (can be said with certainty that Dutch was being spoken at the end of the 9th century; how long that might have been the case before that cannot be determined with certainty. )〕 Old Dutch in turn evolved into Middle Dutch around the 12th century.
Old Dutch was spoken by the populace which erstwhile occupied the present-day southern Netherlands, northern Belgium, part of northern France, and parts of the Lower Rhine and Westphalia regions of Germany. The inhabitants of present-day northern Dutch provinces—including Groningen, Friesland and the coast of North Holland—spoke Old Frisian, whereas some in the east (Achterhoek, Overijssel and Drenthe) spoke Old Saxon.
==Characteristics==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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